Imec's researchers' N-type PERT (passivated emitter, back-diffusion) solar cells have recently achieved a new record-setting conversion efficiency. This battery enables Meco's nickel/copper/silver plating (three main grid lines) technology And SoLayTec's Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Al2O3 process. IMEC said that large-area silicon (156mm x 156mm) N-type PERT solar cells were calibrated at the Fraunhofer ISE CalLab. Imec Photovoltaic Division Director Jozef Szlufcik said: “Although in the early stages of development, the results show that the n-type PERT solar cells have very high potential for efficiency. In addition, due to boron oxygen compounds, n-type cells are still not subject to the photodegradation of p-type cells. The impact, which leads to an increase in long-term energy production, and therefore lower the overall cost per kilowatt-hour." The battery is said to have realized an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 677mV, a short circuit current (Jsc) of 39.1 mA/cm2 and a fill factor of 81.3%, demonstrating the potential for improvement with double-side contact crystalline silicon solar cells for mass commercial production. Conversion efficiency. The N-type PERT cell is said to employ a back-covered p+ emitter created by boron diffusion, and the n+ front surface localized metal contacts are formed by Meco's nickel/copper/silver plating. It is said that the p+ emitter backside local contacts have been created by a backside passivation stack and subsequent physical vapor deposition laser ablation of aluminum. The backside passivation stack includes a thin (<10 nm) ALD-based Al2O3 layer and SoLayTec's spatial ALD technique in its "InPassion" device. Roger G?rtzen, SoLayTec's co-founder, marketing and sales manager, said in an interview with PV-Tech: "It is a good conclusion that our industrial InPassion ALD is better than thermal oxidation. This means that ALD equipment can be used. For the next-generation battery concepts, such as PERC technology and for N-passivation, there is no change in hardware." The availability of low-cost N-type silicon is also seen as a mainstream solar cell manufacturer for the next few years, and it is expected that an important part of the substrate will be used more widely. Washed suspensions of Escherichia coli were exposed to different concentrations of chlorine dioxide at various temperatures. Platings of the mixtures to evaluate the numbers of surviving cells were made after 5–300 sec of contact. Survival data were best fitted by a reaction model that is first order with respect to cell concentration and to exposure time. Bactericidal rates were found to increase markedly with both increased disinfectant concentrations and increased temperatures. Activation energies at each concentration of chlorine dioxide are reported. The Oil & Gas Industry Disinfection Chlorine Dioxide Generator For Oil Gas, Oilfield Injection Water Treatment, Cooling Water Sterilization, Mining Water Disinfection Nanjing Ligong Shuifu Environmental Protection Technology Co.,Ltd. , http://www.watermanclo2.com